| Descriptors |
- Demonstrate effective consultation skills, including active listening skills.
- Take ophthalmic and relevant systemic clinical histories appropriate to the clinical problem and patient’s needs, eliciting the patient’s ideas, concerns and expectations.
- Take a family history, and draw a pedigree chart as appropriate.
- Establish an effective, empathetic, compassionate and respectful doctor-patient relationship.
- Demonstrate cultural and social awareness.
- Understand the risks, professional responsibilities and safeguards of remote consultations, e.g. telephone, online consultations.
- Measure and record visual acuity for near and distance using an appropriate method and interpret the results. Understand the pros and cons of different methods of assessment for different patient groups.
- Be able to approximate equivalent levels of vision in Snellen, logMAR or EDTRS letter scores.
- Understand and interpret an optometric examination, including the assessment of vision and binocular vision. Interpret the refraction result.
- Assess other visual symptoms with appropriate tools e.g. Amsler chart for visual distortion, Ishihara or other appropriate test for colour vision.
- Assess and interpret normal and abnormal visual fields by confrontation, understand the reliability of this method and when to arrange more detailed visual field analysis.
- Assess the pupil for abnormalities of shape, size and reaction, including for Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD).
- Examine the eyelids including eversion of lids.
- Perform slit lamp biomicroscopy of the eye and adjacent structures.
- Examine the cornea, ocular surface, anterior chamber, iris and lens using appropriate techniques including assessment of the red reflex and slit lamp illumination techniques.
- Employ gonioscopy for examination of angle structures.
- Measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) accurately using a variety of applanation techniques and understand the limits of each.
- Examine the vitreous, the choroid and the retina, including the macula and optic nerve, using appropriate techniques including the direct ophthalmoscope, binocular indirect ophthalmoscope, and lenses for binocular fundus examination with the slit lamp.
- Understand how retinal examination techniques differ in magnification, orientation and field of view of the retinal image.
- Describe and record the ophthalmic findings according to usual convention.
- Perform a proficient medical examination relevant to ophthalmology, including examination of the neck, skin, nose, joints and neurological system.
- Understand the associations between clinical findings in different parts of the eye.
- Understand the associations between systemic and ophthalmic diseases.
- Select investigations appropriate to the likely diagnosis.
- Understand and apply knowledge of instrument technology relevant to ophthalmic practice.
- Create differential diagnoses including common conditions and those that are sight or life threatening, where appropriate.
- Examine the eyelids, lacrimal system and orbit using appropriate techniques, including the measurement of globe position with the exophthalmometer and use of slit-lamp in the examination of eyelid and lacrimal system disorders, and describe the findings (OO1.1).
- Perform a lacrimal sac wash-out (syringing) and be able to simply interpret the findings (OO1.1).
- Examine the cornea and ocular surface using appropriate techniques including diffuse examination, slit beam examination, retroillumination, sclerotic scatter, and specular endothelial examination (COS1.1)
- Use vital dyes to examine the cornea and describe patterns of staining and to test for corneal perforations or leaks (COS1.1).
- Recognise anatomical landmarks for normal eye, e.g. lid position, normal fornix depth and appearance, normal meibomian gland morphology (COS1.1).
- Use the slit lamp to assess the depth of a corneal opacity (COS1.1).
- Employ the slit lamp to identify the various morphological types in cataract (CS1.1).
- Understand optic disc imaging techniques and the typical glaucomatous changes (CS1.1).
- Understand patterns typical of glaucoma, and correlate with disc changes (CS1.1)
- Be aware of risks associated with investigations (e.g. Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography tests) (MR1.1).
- Understand the need to request and interpret retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans (MR1.1).
- Understand retinal angiography techniques, including optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and be able to identify abnormalities on retinal angiography (MR1.1).
- Demonstrate effective consultation skills, for suspected genetic eye disease (MR1.1).
- Assess ocular motility and strabismus using appropriate techniques including the cover/uncover test, prism cover test, and interpret and describe the findings (OM1.1).
- Perform appropriate tests of binocular vision (OM1.1).
- Draw and interpret appropriate ocular motility diagram (OM1.1).
- Request relevant orthoptic assessment (OM1.1).
- Understand the steps of an orthoptic assessment, what it is recording, and the notation used. Recognise normal and abnormal results, and the range of ‘normal’ (OM1.1).
- Understand the formal field options (static and kinetic) and know the indications, limitations and interpretation of these (NO1.1).
- Recognise and accurately describe nystagmus (NO1.1).
- Competently perform a relevant neurological assessment with particular emphasis on the cranial nerves. Assess ptosis and understand its relationship to neurological disorders (NO1.1).
- Take clinical histories from the patient and family/carers appropriate to the clinical problem and patient’s needs, eliciting the patient’s and the family’s ideas, concerns and expectations (PO1.1).
- Measure and record visual acuity for near and distance using an age and literacy appropriate method and interpret the results (PO1.1).
- Understand the pros and cons of different methods of assessment for different age groups and ability (PO1.1).
- Examine the eye and ocular adnexa using appropriate techniques including the direct ophthalmoscope and slit lamp, and describe the findings (PO1.1).
- Assess ocular motility and binocular vision, including performing cover test at distance and near, and document using a diagram where appropriate. Understand and perform appropriate binocular vision tests (PO1.1).
- Understand the steps of an orthoptic assessment, what it is recording, and the notation used. Recognise normal and abnormal results, the range of ‘normal’ and the significance of test/test variability in children (PO1.1).
- Understand when refraction is indicated, how it is performed and recorded. Become familiar with practice of retinoscopy and perform retinosopy to understand this (PO1.1).
- Perform a proficient paediatric medical examination relevant to paediatric ophthalmic conditions (PO1.1).
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